Recommendations for antibiotic selection for severe nosocomial infections.

Severe infection and its evolution to sepsis are becoming more prevalent every day and are among the leading causes of critical illness and mortality. Proper management is crucial to improve prognosis. This document addresses three essential points that have a significant impact on this objective: a) early recognition of patients with sepsis criteria, b) identification of those patients who suffer from an infection and have a high risk of progressing to sepsis, and c) adequate selection and optimization of the initial antimicrobial treatment.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 1,331 patients with COVID-19: HM Spanish Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Spain is one of the European countries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemiologic studies are warranted to improve the disease understanding, evaluate the care procedure and prepare for futures waves. The aim of the study was to describe epidemiologic characteristics associated with hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS: This real-world, observational, multicenter and retrospective study screened all consecutive patients admitted to 8 Spanish private hospitals. Inclusion criteria: hospitalized adults (age≥18 years old) with clinically and radiologically findings compatible with COVID-19 disease from March 1st to April 5th, 2020. Exclusion criteria: patients presenting negative PCR for SARS-CoV-2 during the first 7 days from hospital admission, transfer to a hospital not belonging to the HM consortium, lack of data and discharge against medical advice in emergency departments. RESULTS: One thousand and three hundred thirty-one COVID-19 patients (medium age 66.9 years old; males n= 841, medium length of hospital stayed 8 days, non-survivors n=233) were analyzed. One hundred and fifteen were admitted to intensive care unit (medium length of stay 16 days, invasive mechanical ventilation n= 95, septic shock n= 37 and renal replacement therapy n= 17). Age, male gender, leukocytes, platelets, oxygen saturation, chronic therapy with steroids and treatment with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin were independent factors associated with mortality. The proportion of patients that survive and received tocilizumab and steroids were lesser and higher respectively than those that die, but their association was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Overall crude mortality rate was 17.5%, rising up to 36.5% in the subgroup of patients that were admitted to the intensive care unit. Seven factors impact in hospital mortality. No immunomodulatory intervention were associated with in-hospital mortality.

Community-acquired pneumonia: similarities and differences between European and American guidelines - A narrative review.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is severe disease. Early prescription of an adequate treatment has a positive impact in the CAP outcome. Despite the evidence of existing relevant differences between CAP across geographical areas, general guidelines can be designed to be applied everywhere. Eight years have passed between the publication of the European (EG) and American (AG) CAP guidelines, thus the aim of this narrative review is to compare both guidelines and summarize their recommendations. The main similarity between both guidelines is the antibiotics recommendation with the exception that AG mention new antimicrobials that were not available at the time of EG publication. Both guidelines recommend against routinely adding steroids as an adjuvant treatment. Finally, both guidelines acknowledge that the decision to hospitalize a patient is clinical and should be complemented with an objective tool for risk assessment. EG recommend the CRB-65 while AG recommend the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). EG and AG share a similar core of recommendations and only differ in minor issues such as new antibiotics. Likewise, both guidelines recommend against the routine prescription of steroids as an adjuvant therapy.

[Development of a predictive model for hospital mortality and re-admission in a cohort of infected patients that require hospitalization]. / Desarrollo de un modelo predictivo para mortalidad y otro para reingreso hospitalario en una cohorte de paciente con infección que requieren hospitalización.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the study were: to develop a predictive model for hospital mortality and another for hospital re-admission, to identify the impact of antibiotic delay in the mortality rate and, to report the rate of inappropriate antibiotic therapy. METHODS: A cohort and retrospective study was conducted at the HM Sanchinarro University Hospital during the period September 1st, 2012 to March 31th, 2013. The inclusion criteria were: age> 18 years, hospital admission from the ED with a diagnosis of bacterial infection. The exclusion criteria were: suspected viral infection, negative bacteriological cultures, life expectancy less than 6 months, lack of clinical information, assistance exclusively by the trauma emergency department. Two logistic models were made (hospital mortality and hospital re-admission). RESULTS: A total of 517 patients were included. The final mortality model (30 deaths) include the following variables: respiratory rate (OR 1.12; IC95% 1.02; 1.22), oxygen saturation (OR 0.92; IC95% 0.87; 0.98), creatinine (OR 2.33; IC95% 1.62; 3.36), COPD (OR 3.02; IC95% 1.06; 8.21), cancer (OR 3.34; IC95% 1.07; 9.98) and chemotherapy in the last 3 months (OR 4.83; IC95% 1.54; 16.41). The final model for hospital re-admission (28 re-admissions) include the following variables: hepatopathy (OR 5.51; IC95% 1.57; 16.88), GPT (OR 1.005; IC95% 1.003; 1.008), history of stroke (OR 5.06; IC95% 1.04; 18.80) and arterial hypertension (OR 3.15; IC95% 1.38; 7.56). The antibiotic therapy delays not influenced the mortality or re-admission rate. In 24.3% the causative microorganism was identified and antibiotic treatment was inappropriate 19.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital mortality rate was 5.8% and readmission rate was 5.7%. Variables associated with mortality differ from those associated with re-admission. The delay in the antibiotic initiation was not associated with a deleterious effect. Antibiotic therapy was inadequate in almost 20% of patients.

Impact and safety of open lung biopsy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) / Impacto y seguridad de la biopsia abierta de pulmón en pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo

Introduction: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory lung disorder, and its pathological hallmark is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Given that open lung biopsy (OLB) can sometimes result in severe side effects, it is rarely performed in patients with ARDS. Aim: The aims of this study were to describe: (a) the rate of treatment change associated with the histological result; and (b) the incidence of side effects induced by OLB. Design and patients: A retrospective, single-center, descriptive observational study was carried out in Hospital Santa Clara (Bogotá, Colombia) from February 2007 to January 2014. Inclusion criteria: Critically ill patients over 18 years of age, undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation, diagnosed with ARDS of unknown etiology, and with OLB performed at the bedside. ARDS was diagnosed according to the Berlin definition. DAD was defined by the presence of a hyaline membrane plus at least one of the following: intra-alveolar edema, alveolar type I cell necrosis, alveolar type II cell (cuboidal cells) proliferation progressively covering the denuded alveolar-capillary membrane, interstitial proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, or organizing interstitial fibrosis. The rate of treatment change (RTC) was established according to whether the OLB pathology report resulted in: a) the prescription or discontinuation of an antimicrobial; b) the indication of new procedures; c) medical interconsultation; or d) limitation of therapeutic effort. Patients were followed-up until death or hospital discharge. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: A total of 32 OLBs were performed during the study period; 17 were ruled out as they did not involve ARDS, and 15 were considered for further analysis. A histological diagnosis was reached in 14 of the 15 patients (12 DAD, one case of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and one case of Wegener's granulomatosis with alveolar hemorrhage). The RTC rate was 0.73. The most frequent intervention was discontinuation of antimicrobial or corticosteroid treatment. No deaths but four side effects (3 airway leaks and one hemothorax) were associated with the OLB procedure. All were resolved before ICU discharge. Conclusion: The information provided by OLB performed at the bedside in ARDS patients of unknown etiology could be relevant, as it may optimize treatment. The risk associated with OLB seems to be acceptable

Introducción: El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome) es una enfermedad pulmonar inflamatoria y su característica distintiva patológica es el daño alveolar difuso (DAD, diffuse alveolar damage). Dado que la biopsia pulmonar abierta (OLB, open lung biopsy) a veces puede dar lugar a efectos secundarios graves, rara vez se realiza en pacientes con SDRA. Objetivos: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir: a) la tasa de cambio de tratamiento asociado con el resultado histológico y b) la tasa de efectos secundarios inducidos por la OLB. Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, unicéntrico y retrospectivo realizado en el Hospital Santa Clara, Bogotá (Colombia) desde febrero de 2007 a enero de 2014. Criterios de inclusión: Pacientes críticamente enfermos mayores de 18 años sometidos a ventilación mecánica invasiva, diagnosticados con SDRA de etiología desconocida en quienes se realizó la OLB al lado de la cama. El SDRA fue diagnosticado según la definición de Berlín. El DAD se definió por la presencia de membrana hialina y al menos uno de los siguientes criterios: edema intraalveolar, necrosis de células alveolares tipo I, proliferación de células alveolares tipo II (células cuboidales) con denudación progresiva de la membrana alveolar-capilar, proliferación intersticial de fibroblastos y miofibroblastos o fibrosis intersticial organizada. La tasa de cambio de tratamiento asociada con el resultado de la biopsia pulmonar abierta (RTC) se definió si, basándose en el análisis patológico de la biopsia de pulmón abierto: a) se prescribió o suspendió un antimicrobiano, b) se indicó un nuevo procedimiento, o c) interconsulta médica, o d) limitado el esfuerzo terapéutico. Los pacientes fueron seguidos hasta la muerte o el alta hospitalaria. Este estudio fue aprobado por el comité de ética. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio, se realizaron 32 OLB; 17 pacientes fueron descartados, ya que no tenían ARDS y 15 fueron considerados para análisis. Se llegó a diagnóstico histológico en 14 (12 casos con DAD, un caso con bronquiolitis obliterante con neumonía de organización y un caso con granulomatosis de Wegener asociada a hemorragia alveolar) de los 15 pacientes; RTC: 0,73. La intervención más frecuente fue la interrupción del tratamiento con antimicrobianos o esteroides. No hubo muertes, pero 4 acontecimientos adversos (3 neumotórax y un hemotórax) se asociaron con el procedimiento de OLB. Todos fueron resueltos antes del alta de la UCI. Conclusión: La OLB constituye un procedimiento de diagnóstico de alto rendimiento que determina un impacto relevante en el tratamiento de pacientes con SDRA. El riesgo asociado a este procedimiento es aceptable. La información proporcionada por la OLB, realizada junto a la cama en la UCI, en pacientes con SDRA de etiología desconocida es relevante, ya que puede optimizar el tratamiento. El riesgo asociado con la OLB parece ser aceptable

Impact and safety of open lung biopsy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory lung disorder, and its pathological hallmark is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Given that open lung biopsy (OLB) can sometimes result in severe side effects, it is rarely performed in patients with ARDS. AIM: The aims of this study were to describe: (a) the rate of treatment change associated with the histological result; and (b) the incidence of side effects induced by OLB. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: A retrospective, single-center, descriptive observational study was carried out in Hospital Santa Clara (Bogotá, Colombia) from February 2007 to January 2014. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Critically ill patients over 18 years of age, undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation, diagnosed with ARDS of unknown etiology, and with OLB performed at the bedside. ARDS was diagnosed according to the Berlin definition. DAD was defined by the presence of a hyaline membrane plus at least one of the following: intra-alveolar edema, alveolar type I cell necrosis, alveolar type II cell (cuboidal cells) proliferation progressively covering the denuded alveolar-capillary membrane, interstitial proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, or organizing interstitial fibrosis. The rate of treatment change (RTC) was established according to whether the OLB pathology report resulted in: a) the prescription or discontinuation of an antimicrobial; b) the indication of new procedures; c) medical interconsultation; or d) limitation of therapeutic effort. Patients were followed-up until death or hospital discharge. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee. RESULTS: A total of 32 OLBs were performed during the study period; 17 were ruled out as they did not involve ARDS, and 15 were considered for further analysis. A histological diagnosis was reached in 14 of the 15 patients (12 DAD, one case of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and one case of Wegener's granulomatosis with alveolar hemorrhage). The RTC rate was 0.73. The most frequent intervention was discontinuation of antimicrobial or corticosteroid treatment. No deaths but four side effects (3 airway leaks and one hemothorax) were associated with the OLB procedure. All were resolved before ICU discharge. CONCLUSION: The information provided by OLB performed at the bedside in ARDS patients of unknown etiology could be relevant, as it may optimize treatment. The risk associated with OLB seems to be acceptable.

In reply to «Acute respiratory distress secondary to blood transfusion» / En respuesta a «Distrés respiratorio agudo secundario a la transfusión sanguínea»

No disponible

Translational research in acute respiratory distress syndrome / Investigación traslacional sobre el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda

No disponible

Distrés respiratorio agudo: del síndrome a la enfermedad / Acute respiratory distress: from syndrome to disease

El síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) constituye una de las entidades más importantes de la medicina crítica dada su elevada incidencia, mortalidad, secuelas a largo plazo y ausencia de un tratamiento farmacológico específico. El patrón histológico característico del SDRA es el daño alveolar difuso (DAD). Aproximadamente el 50% de los pacientes con SDRA tienen DAD; el resto está constituido por un grupo heterogéneo de patrones histológicos, muchos de los cuales constituyen enfermedades bien caracterizadas que, de ser diagnosticadas, podrían beneficiarse de un tratamiento específico. Recientemente se ha demostrado el efecto del DAD en la evolución clínica y analítica del SDRA, por lo cual, el enfoque clásico del SDRA como una entidad definida exclusivamente por variables clínicas, radiológicas y gasométricas podría ser reconsiderado. La presente revisión narrativa procura analizar la necesidad de evolucionar desde el concepto de SDRA como síndrome a SDRA como enfermedad; para ello hemos planteado 4 preguntas que consideramos prioritarias: a) ¿qué es una enfermedad?; b) ¿qué es el DAD?; c) ¿cómo consideran al DAD las distintas definiciones de SDRA?, y d) ¿qué relación existe entre el DAD y el SDRA?

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is currently one of the most important critical entities given its high incidence, rate of mortality, long-term sequelae and non-specific pharmacological treatment. The histological hallmark of ARDS is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Approximately 50% of ARDS patients present DAD, the rest is made up of a heterogeneous group of histological patterns, many of which correspond to a well-recognized disease. For that reason, if these patterns could be diagnosed, patients could benefit from a treatment. Recently, the effect of DAD in clinical and analytical evolution of ARDS has been demonstrated, so the classical approach to ARDS as an entity defined solely by clinical, radiological and gasometrical variables should be reconsidered. This narrative review aims to examine the need to evolve from the concept of ARDS as a syndrome to ARDS as a specific disease. So we have raised 4 critical questions: a) What is a disease?; b) what is DAD?; c) how is DAD considered according to ARDS definition?, and d) what is the relationship between ARDS and DAD?

Acute Respiratory Distress: from syndrome to disease.

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is currently one of the most important critical entities given its high incidence, rate of mortality, long-term sequelae and non-specific pharmacological treatment. The histological hallmark of ARDS is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Approximately 50% of ARDS patients present DAD, the rest is made up of a heterogeneous group of histological patterns, many of which correspond to a well-recognized disease. For that reason, if these patterns could be diagnosed, patients could benefit from a treatment. Recently, the effect of DAD in clinical and analytical evolution of ARDS has been demonstrated, so the classical approach to ARDS as an entity defined solely by clinical, radiological and gasometrical variables should be reconsidered. This narrative review aims to examine the need to evolve from the concept of ARDS as a syndrome to ARDS as a specific disease. So we have raised 4 critical questions: a) What is a disease?; b) what is DAD?; c) how is DAD considered according to ARDS definition?, and d) what is the relationship between ARDS and DAD?

Aspectos clínicos y microbiológicos de la neumonía aguda comunitaria a Streptococcus pneumoniae / Clinical and microbiological aspects of acute community-acquired pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae

Introducción. Los objetivos fueron: a) describir la mortalidad y sus variables asociadas en la neumonía aguda comunitaria (NAC) a Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae); b) identificar aspectos terapéuticos a mejorar; c) identificar los principales serotipos de S. pneumoniae, y d) conocer la cobertura potencial de la vacuna antineumocócica 23 valente. Material y método. Criterio de inclusión: NAC en pacientes mayores de 16 años. Se consideró NAC neumocócica si al ingreso hospitalario se aisló S. pneumoniae desde la sangre y/o se detectó la presencia de antígeno neumocócico capsular en orina. Criterios de exclusión: negativa al consentimiento informado o infección neumocócica en el mes previo al ingreso. Resultados. Se identificaron 192 pacientes con edad promedio de 54,6±19,2 años. Comorbilidades más frecuentes: diabetes, EPOC e inmunodepresión. Se detectaron bacteriemias en 147 pacientes. Los serotipos más frecuentes fueron: 7F, 1 y 3. Ninguna cepa fue resistente a los betalactámicos y 8 (5,4%) a la eritromicina. Cobertura potencial de la vacuna antineumocócica 23 valente: 93%. Fallecieron 37 pacientes. Variables asociadas a la mortalidad: shock en las primeras 72h desde el ingreso al hospital (OR:7,51; IC 95%:2,94-19,17) y demora en el inicio de la antibioticorapia ≥6h (OR:2,47; IC 95%:1,00-6,17). Conclusiones. La mortalidad de la NAC neumocócica fue del 19,3%; las únicas 2 variables asociadas a ella fueron el shock séptico y la demora ≥6h en el inicio de la antibioticoterapia. Adicionalmente el mencionado retraso constituye el principal factor terapéutico a mejorarse en el futuro. El serotipo más frecuente fue el 7F. La cobertura potencial de la vacuna 23 valente es cercana al 90%(AU)

Introduction. The objectives of the present study were: a) to describe the mortality rate and its associated variables in community-acquired pneumoniae (CAP) due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), b) to identify therapeutic issues to improve and c) to describe the main serotypes of S. pneumoniae and d) to know the potential coverage of antipneumococcal 23-valent vaccine. Materials and methods. Inclusion criteria were age >16 years-old hospitalized due to PAC. Pneumococcal PAC etiology was considered if S. pneumoniae was isolated from blood culture and/or positive capsular urinary antigen detected at hospital admission. Exclusion criteria were patients who refused participation and/or pneumococcal infection diagnosis was made within the last month before hospital admission. Results. A total of 192 patients were included, mean age 54.6±19.2 years. The most frequent comorbidities were diabetes, COPD and immunosupression. There were 147 patients with bacteremia. The most frequent serotypes were 7F, 1 and 3. Beta-lactamic resistant microorganisms were not identified and only 8 (5.4%) strains were erythromycin-resistant. Potential anti-pneumococcal 23-valent vaccine coverage was 93%. Thirty seven patients died. Variables associated with mortality were shock within the first 72h of hospital admission (OR:7.51; 95% CI:2.94-19.17) and antibiotic delay ≥6h (OR:2.47; 95% CI:1.00-6.17). Conclusions. Pneumococcal pneumonia mortality was 19.3%. Septic shock and antibiotic delay ≥6h since hospital admission were associated with hospital mortality. The most frequent serotype was 7F. The potential anti-pneumococcal vaccine coverage is almost 90%(AU)

Clinical and microbiological aspects of acute community-acquired pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae.

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of the present study were: (a) to describe the mortality rate and its associated variables in community-acquired pneumoniae (CAP) due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), (b) to identify therapeutic issues to improve, (c) to describe the main serotypes of S. pneumoniae and (d) to know the potential coverage of antipneumococcal 23-valent vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were age >16 years-old hospitalized due to PAC. Pneumococcal PAC etiology was considered if S. pneumoniae was isolated from blood culture and/or positive capsular urinary antigen detected at hospital admission. Exclusion criteria were patients who refused participation and/or pneumococcal infection diagnosis was made within the last month before hospital admission. RESULTS: A total of 192 patients were included, mean age 54.6 ± 19.2 years. The most frequent comorbidities were diabetes, COPD and immunosupression. There were 147 patients with bacteremia. The most frequent serotypes were 7F, 1 and 3. Beta-lactamic resistant microorganisms were not identified and only 8 (5.4%) strains were erythromycin-resistant. Potential anti-pneumococcal 23-valent vaccine coverage was 93%. Thirty-seven patients died. Variables associated with mortality were shock within the first 72 h of hospital admission (OR: 7.51; 95% CI: 2.94-19.17) and antibiotic delay ≥6 h (OR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.00-6.17). CONCLUSIONS: Pneumococcal pneumonia mortality was 19.3%. Septic shock and antibiotic delay ≥6 h since hospital admission were associated with hospital mortality. The most frequent serotype was 7F. The potential anti-pneumococcal vaccine coverage is almost 90%.

Determinantes genéticos del riesgo y pronóstico del daño renal agudo: una revisión sistemática / Genetic determinants of acute renal damage risk and prognosis: a systematic review

Introducción: El daño renal agudo (DRA) es un síndrome frecuente en el paciente hospitalizado. Los factores de riesgo asociados a su desarrollo y evolución clásicamente aceptados se encuentran en relación con el ambiente o la enfermedad de base del paciente. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha reconocido la influencia de los factores genéticos. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de los polimorfismos genéticos en el riesgo de presentar y en la evolución del DRA. Fuente de datos: búsqueda electrónica en MEDLINE. Selección de estudios: manuscritos redactados en idioma inglés o español, publicados entre el 1/1/1995 y el 31/5/2011 y que analizaron la asociación entre polimorfismos genéticos y: (a) susceptibilidad a DRA entre pacientes versus controles sanos o entre diferentes grupos de pacientes; (b) gravedad del DRA. Criterios de exclusión: estudios publicados solo en forma de resumen, casos clínicos o estudios que incluyeran pacientes menores de 16 años, en diálisis crónica o con trasplante renal. Extracción de datos: al menos uno de los investigadores analizó cada artículo mediante formulario predefinido. Resultados: Se encontraron 12 trabajos que incluyeron 4.835 pacientes. Once genes contienen polimorfismos asociados a la susceptibilidad o gravedad del DRA. Hemos clasificado estos genes de acuerdo con su función en aquellos que participan en la respuesta hemodinámica (ACE, eNOS, FNMT y COMT), respuesta inflamatoria (TNFα, IL10, IL6, HIP-1A, EPO), estrés oxidativo (NAPH oxidasa) y en el metabolismo lipídico (APOE). Solo los genes de APOE, ACE y receptor AT1 han sido analizados en más de un estudio. Conclusión: La susceptibilidad y gravedad del DRA están relacionadas con factores genéticos que están implicados en distintos mecanismos fisiopatológicos (AU)

Introduction: Acute renal damage (ARD) is a frequent syndrome in hospitalized patients. It is well accepted that ARD susceptibility and outcome are related to environmental risk factors and to the patient premorbid status. Recently, host factors have also been recognized as important in ARD predisposition and evolution. Objective: To analyze genetic influences related to the risk and severity of ARD. Data sour MEDLINE search. Selection of studies: articles published in English or Spanish between 1/1/1995 and 31/5/2011, analyzing the association between genic polymorphisms and (a) ARD susceptibility in patients versus healthy controls or within groups of patients; or (b) ARD severity. Exclusion criteria: studies published only in abstract form, case reports or including patients less than 16 years of age, on chronic dialysis or having received a renal transplant. Dataextraction: at least one investigator analyzed each manuscript and collected the information using a predefined form. Results: We identified 12 relevant studies that included 4835 patients. Eleven genes showed polymorphisms related to ARD susceptibility or severity. They were related to cardiovascular regulation (ACE I/D, eNOS, FNMT and COMT), inflammatory response (TNFα, IL10, IL6, HIP-1α, EPO), oxidative stress (NAPH oxidase) and lipid metabolism (APO E). Only APO E, ACE and AT1 receptor have been analyzed in more than one study. Conclusion: ARD susceptibility and severity is influenced by genetic factors, which are multiple and involve different physiopathological mechanisms (AU)

[Genetic determinants of acute renal damage risk and prognosis: a systematic review]. / Determinantes genéticos del riesgo y pronóstico del daño renal agudo: una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Acute renal damage (ARD) is a frequent syndrome in hospitalized patients. It is well accepted that ARD susceptibility and outcome are related to environmental risk factors and to the patient premorbid status. Recently, host factors have also been recognized as important in ARD predisposition and evolution. OBJECTIVE: To analyze genetic influences related to the risk and severity of ARD. DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE search. SELECTION OF STUDIES: articles published in English or Spanish between 1/1/1995 and 31/5/2011, analyzing the association between genic polymorphisms and (a) ARD susceptibility in patients versus healthy controls or within groups of patients; or (b) ARD severity. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: studies published only in abstract form, case reports or including patients less than 16 years of age, on chronic dialysis or having received a renal transplant. DATA EXTRACTION: at least one investigator analyzed each manuscript and collected the information using a predefined form. RESULTS: We identified 12 relevant studies that included 4835 patients. Eleven genes showed polymorphisms related to ARD susceptibility or severity. They were related to cardiovascular regulation (ACE I/D, eNOS, FNMT and COMT), inflammatory response (TNFα, IL10, IL6, HIP-1α, EPO), oxidative stress (NAPH oxidase) and lipid metabolism (APO E). Only APO E, ACE and AT1 receptor have been analyzed in more than one study. CONCLUSION: ARD susceptibility and severity is influenced by genetic factors, which are multiple and involve different physiopathological mechanisms.

Lesión pulmonar aguda y síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo: una perspectiva genómica / Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a genomic perspective

Recientemente la genómica ha adquirido una enorme relevancia, permitiendo sustanciales avances en el conocimiento de la etiología y patogenia de entidades complejas como la lesión pulmonar aguda (LPA) y el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA).La medicina genómica procura personalizar y optimizar el diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento mediante el reconocimiento de la influencia que ejercen los polimorfismos genéticos en enfermedades específicas. Uno de los principales desafíos que la comunidad científica debe afrontar es lograr que este conocimiento sea transferido pertinente y rápidamente a la práctica clínica. En caso contrario, es posible que los pacientes sean sometidos a un riesgo innecesario. En el presente artículo se describen los principales aspectos de la medicina genómica en la LPA/SDRA y cuáles son las aplicaciones clínicas actuales (AU)

Genomics have allowed important advances in the knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of complex disease entities such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Genomic medicine aims to personalize and optimize diagnosis, prognosis and treatment by determining the influence of genetic polymorphisms in specific diseases. The scientific community must cope with the important challenge of securing rapid transfer of knowledge to clinical practice, in order to prevent patients from becoming exposed to unnecessary risks(AU)

[Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a genomic perspective]. / Lesión pulmonar aguda y síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo: una perspectiva genómica.

Genomics have allowed important advances in the knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of complex disease entities such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Genomic medicine aims to personalize and optimize diagnosis, prognosis and treatment by determining the influence of genetic polymorphisms in specific diseases. The scientific community must cope with the important challenge of securing rapid transfer of knowledge to clinical practice, in order to prevent patients from becoming exposed to unnecessary risks. In the present article we describe the main concepts of genomic medicine pertaining to ALI/ARDS, and its currently recognized clinical applications.